spark_runtime/

buffers.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only

//! Pre-allocated GPU buffer arena for intermediate tensors.
//!
//! All buffer sizes derive from [`ModelConfig`] (SSOT). The arena is
//! allocated once during initialization and reused across decode steps.

use crate::gpu::{DevicePtr, GpuBackend};
use anyhow::Result;
use atlas_core::config::ModelConfig;

mod accessors;
pub mod decode_meta;
mod rowwise_slab;
mod sizes;
mod sizes_q12;
mod sizes_q2;
mod sizes_rowwise;
pub use decode_meta::{DECODE_META_MAX_ROWS, DECODE_META_MIN_ROWS, DecodeMetaLayout};
pub use sizes::{BufferSizes, GATEUP_FUSED_MAX_M};
pub use sizes_q2::q2_dequant_scratch_bytes;
pub use sizes_q12::{
    Q12_SIZING_STREAMS, q12_batched_scratch_bytes, q12_batched_scratch_bytes_varlen,
};
pub use sizes_rowwise::{
    ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_bytes, ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_bytes_for, ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_layer_bytes,
};

/// Pre-allocated GPU buffers for a single forward pass.
///
/// Each buffer is sized for `max_batch_tokens` tokens through the model.
/// Buffers are reused across steps — no per-step allocation.
///
/// Expert output buffers are sized for max(k_max, max_batch_tokens) to
/// support both speculative decode (K=3) and batched MoE prefill. At N=512,
/// this adds ~31 MB (vs the old grouped-GEMM approach that needed 260 MB
/// and caused a 15% decode regression). The GEMV-based prefill kernels
/// only touch k_max slots during decode, so the extra pages don't affect
/// decode bandwidth on unified memory.
pub struct BufferArena {
    /// Hidden states: [M, hidden_size] in BF16.
    hidden_states: DevicePtr,
    /// Residual stream: [M, hidden_size] in BF16.
    residual: DevicePtr,
    /// Post-norm output: [M, hidden_size] in BF16.
    norm_output: DevicePtr,
    /// QKV projection output for full attention: [M, (Hq + 2*Hkv) * D] in BF16.
    qkv_output: DevicePtr,
    /// Attention output: [M, Hq * D] in BF16.
    attn_output: DevicePtr,
    /// MoE gate logits: [M, num_experts] in BF16.
    gate_logits: DevicePtr,
    /// MoE gate logits: [M, num_experts] in FP32 (ATLAS_FP32_GATE path).
    gate_logits_f32: DevicePtr,
    /// MoE-input norm output: [M, hidden_size] in FP32 (ATLAS_FP32_ROUTING).
    moe_router_in_f32: DevicePtr,
    /// MoE output: [M, hidden_size] in BF16.
    moe_output: DevicePtr,
    /// Logits: [M, vocab_size] in BF16.
    logits: DevicePtr,
    /// SSM QKVZ projection: [M, ssm_qkvz_size] in BF16.
    ssm_qkvz: DevicePtr,
    /// SSM beta-alpha projection: [M, ssm_ba_size] in BF16.
    ssm_ba: DevicePtr,
    /// SSM deinterleaved QKVZ: [M, ssm_qkvz_size] in BF16 (sequential [Q|K|V|Z]).
    ssm_deinterleaved: DevicePtr,
    /// SSM FP32 gates: [num_v_heads * 2] as FP32 (gate + beta for GDN).
    ssm_gates: DevicePtr,
    /// SSM conv1d output in FP32: [M, conv_dim] as FP32.
    /// Prevents BF16 truncation in the SSM recurrent path (conv → GDN).
    /// Without this, ~7 bits of precision are lost every token, causing
    /// coherence degradation after 8k+ tokens.
    ssm_conv_out_f32: DevicePtr,
    /// Scratch space for kernel metadata (positions, slot_mapping, block_tables).
    scratch: DevicePtr,
    /// Expert gate projection output: [k2 * top_k, moe_intermediate_size] BF16.
    expert_gate_out: DevicePtr,
    /// Expert up projection output: [k2 * top_k, moe_intermediate_size] BF16.
    expert_up_out: DevicePtr,
    /// Expert down projection output: [k2 * top_k, hidden_size] BF16.
    expert_down_out: DevicePtr,
    /// Split-K decode attention workspace: partials from split CTAs (F32).
    splitk_workspace: DevicePtr,
    /// Grouped O-projection latent: [M, o_groups*o_lora_rank] BF16 (V4-Flash).
    o_latent: DevicePtr,
    /// Zero-filled BF16 weight (max_dim) for unweighted RMSNorm under the
    /// offset-from-1 kernel convention (scale = 1+weight → 1.0). Used by q_b_norm.
    norm_unit_w: DevicePtr,
    /// HC residual streams: [M, hc_mult, hidden] BF16 (DeepSeek-V4 mHC).
    hc_streams: DevicePtr,
    /// HC `post` mixing weights: [M, hc_mult] F32.
    hc_post: DevicePtr,
    /// HC `comb` Sinkhorn matrix: [M, hc_mult, hc_mult] F32.
    hc_comb: DevicePtr,
    hc_lowrank_scratch: DevicePtr,
    qsa_select_scratch: DevicePtr,
    /// GDN FLA chunked-prefill scratch (W|U|S|uc sub-divided). NULL unless the
    /// model is a 128-dim-linear-head GDN model (ATLAS_GDN_FLA path).
    gdn_fla_scratch: DevicePtr,
    /// Mamba-2 SSD chunked-scan scratch (dt | dA_cumsum | CB). NULL unless the model
    /// has Mamba-2 SSM layers.
    ssd_scratch: DevicePtr,
    /// Token IDs `[M]` u32 — stable across the layer loop so DeepSeek-V4
    /// hash-MoE layers can read `tid2eid[token_id]`.
    token_ids: DevicePtr,
    /// Shared FFN activation-quant scratch (dense-FFN MMQ/int8 prefill path).
    /// Allocated once here instead of per-DenseFfnLayer (64× would leak ~18GB).
    /// NULL unless the model is dense (`num_experts == 0`).
    /// `ffn_act_q8`: q8_1 activations for the Q4_K MMQ gate/up GEMM.
    /// `ffn_act_a` / `ffn_act_scale`: int8 (a_i8 / a_scale) — reused for NVFP4 packed/scale.
    ffn_act_q8: DevicePtr,
    ffn_act_a: DevicePtr,
    ffn_act_scale: DevicePtr,
    /// `[K/128, ceil16(M)]` transposed copy of `ffn_act_scale` — the VEC128
    /// B-scale layout cuBLASLt documents (token index contiguous). NULL for MoE.
    ffn_act_scale_kmajor: DevicePtr,
    /// `[ceil16(GATEUP_FUSED_MAX_M), 2 * intermediate]` BF16 output of the
    /// FUSED dense-FFN gate+up decode GEMM (#927). NULL for MoE.
    ffn_gate_up_fused: DevicePtr,
    /// Persistent FP8 block-scaled activation scratch for prefill projections.
    fp8_act: DevicePtr,
    /// Persistent per-128-block FP32 scales paired with `fp8_act`.
    fp8_act_scale: DevicePtr,
    /// `[K/128, ceil16(M)]` transpose of `fp8_act_scale` (cuBLASLt VEC128).
    fp8_act_scale_kmajor: DevicePtr,
    /// Persistent BF16 transient-dequant scratch for native keep-packed Q2_0
    /// prefill. Reused per projection — replaces a per-matmul alloc/sync/free.
    q2_dequant_scratch: DevicePtr,
    /// LoRA shrink scratch `xa = x@Aᵀ`: [M, adapter_max_rank] BF16.
    /// NULL when no adapter is configured.
    lora_xa: DevicePtr,
    /// LoRA expand scratch `delta = xa@Bᵀ`: [M, max(hidden, intermediate)]
    /// BF16. NULL when no adapter is configured.
    lora_delta: DevicePtr,
    /// LoRA hidden-activation scratch: [M, intermediate_size] BF16 for the
    /// runtime FFN delta path. NULL when no adapter is configured.
    lora_hact: DevicePtr,
    /// LoRA per-request routing slots `[M]` i32 for the prefill path (one
    /// adapter SLOT index per prefilling token). NULL when no adapter.
    lora_seq_slot: DevicePtr,
    /// Persistent q8_1_mmq activation scratch for native Q2_0 MMQ prefill
    /// (`ATLAS_GGUF_NATIVE_Q2_MMQ`). Shared by every kept-packed projection;
    /// each seam quantizes its activation here then runs the packed MMQ GEMM.
    q2_act_q8: DevicePtr,
    /// Row-wise FP8 GDN prefill BF16-weight slab (`ATLAS_FP8_ROWWISE`). One
    /// allocation for EVERY GDN layer's dequanted `in_proj_qkvz` + `out_proj`;
    /// `take_ssm_rowwise_w_bf16` bump-carves a layer's slice on its first
    /// prefill. NULL unless the lever is armed. See `sizes_rowwise.rs` for the
    /// #917 receipt this replaces.
    ssm_rowwise_w_bf16: DevicePtr,
    /// Bytes already carved out of `ssm_rowwise_w_bf16`. Bump-only: a slice
    /// lives as long as the arena does, exactly like the weight it holds.
    ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_used: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize,
    /// Maximum batch tokens this arena was sized for.
    max_batch_tokens: usize,
    /// Derived batched-decode metadata layout (rows = max(32, serve
    /// max_batch_size)); byte-identical to the legacy fixed 32-row gaps for
    /// every bs <= 32. SSOT consumed by `upload_batch_metadata_fixed`/`_at`.
    decode_meta: DecodeMetaLayout,
    /// Sizes in bytes for each buffer (for debug/logging).
    sizes: BufferSizes,
}

impl BufferArena {
    /// Allocate all intermediate buffers on the GPU.
    pub fn new(
        config: &ModelConfig,
        max_batch_tokens: usize,
        max_seq_len: usize,
        kv_block_size: usize,
        max_batch_size: usize,
        gpu: &dyn GpuBackend,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let sizes = BufferSizes::from_config(
            config,
            max_batch_tokens,
            max_seq_len,
            kv_block_size,
            max_batch_size,
        );
        Self::from_sizes(config, sizes, max_batch_tokens, max_batch_size, gpu)
    }

    /// [`BufferArena::new`] with the ledger handed in instead of derived.
    ///
    /// `BufferSizes::from_config` reads the process environment for the
    /// env-gated entries (`q2_*`, `ssm_rowwise_w_bf16`), and `set_var` is
    /// process-global and unsafe — so a test that wants one of those arms
    /// ARMED builds the sizes by hand and comes in here rather than racing
    /// every other test in the binary. Production still goes through `new`.
    pub fn from_sizes(
        config: &ModelConfig,
        sizes: BufferSizes,
        max_batch_tokens: usize,
        max_batch_size: usize,
        gpu: &dyn GpuBackend,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let decode_meta = DecodeMetaLayout::for_max_batch_size(max_batch_size);

        let hidden_states = gpu.alloc(sizes.hidden_states)?;
        let residual = gpu.alloc(sizes.residual)?;
        let norm_output = gpu.alloc(sizes.norm_output)?;
        let qkv_output = gpu.alloc(sizes.qkv_output)?;
        let attn_output = gpu.alloc(sizes.attn_output)?;
        let gate_logits = gpu.alloc(sizes.gate_logits)?;
        let gate_logits_f32 = gpu.alloc(sizes.gate_logits_f32)?;
        let moe_router_in_f32 = gpu.alloc(sizes.moe_router_in_f32)?;
        let moe_output = gpu.alloc(sizes.moe_output)?;
        let logits = gpu.alloc(sizes.logits)?;
        let ssm_qkvz = gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_qkvz)?;
        let ssm_ba = gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_ba)?;
        let ssm_deinterleaved = gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_deinterleaved)?;
        let ssm_gates = gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_gates)?;
        let ssm_conv_out_f32 = gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_conv_out_f32)?;
        let scratch = gpu.alloc(sizes.scratch)?;
        let expert_gate_out = gpu.alloc(sizes.expert_gate_out)?;
        let expert_up_out = gpu.alloc(sizes.expert_up_out)?;
        let expert_down_out = gpu.alloc(sizes.expert_down_out)?;
        let splitk_workspace = gpu.alloc(sizes.splitk_workspace)?;
        let o_latent = gpu.alloc(sizes.o_latent)?;
        // Zero-filled "weight" for unweighted RMSNorm under the offset-from-1
        // convention used by the rms_norm kernel (scale = 1 + weight). Weight = 0
        // → scale = 1.0, i.e. a pure normalize (DeepSeek-V4 q_b_norm).
        let norm_unit_w = gpu.alloc(sizes.norm_unit_w)?;
        gpu.memset(norm_unit_w, 0, sizes.norm_unit_w)?;
        let hc_streams = gpu.alloc(sizes.hc_streams)?;
        let hc_post = gpu.alloc(sizes.hc_post)?;
        let hc_comb = gpu.alloc(sizes.hc_comb)?;
        let hc_lowrank_scratch = gpu.alloc(sizes.hc_lowrank_scratch)?;
        let qsa_select_scratch = gpu.alloc(sizes.qsa_select_scratch)?;
        // GDN FLA scratch: only allocate for the 128-dim-linear-head GDN path
        // (size 0 → NULL → ATLAS_GDN_FLA dispatch stays disabled).
        let ssd_scratch = if sizes.ssd_scratch > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ssd_scratch)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let gdn_fla_scratch = if sizes.gdn_fla_scratch > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.gdn_fla_scratch)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let token_ids = gpu.alloc(sizes.token_ids)?;
        // Shared dense-FFN activation-quant scratch (MMQ/int8 prefill). Sized 0
        // for MoE models → NULL → per-layer ensure_* path stays inert.
        let ffn_act_q8 = if sizes.ffn_act_q8 > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ffn_act_q8)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let ffn_act_a = if sizes.ffn_act_a > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ffn_act_a)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let ffn_act_scale = if sizes.ffn_act_scale > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ffn_act_scale)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let ffn_act_scale_kmajor = if sizes.ffn_act_scale_kmajor > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ffn_act_scale_kmajor)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let ffn_gate_up_fused = if sizes.ffn_gate_up_fused > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ffn_gate_up_fused)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let fp8_act = gpu.alloc(sizes.fp8_act)?;
        let fp8_act_scale = gpu.alloc(sizes.fp8_act_scale)?;
        let fp8_act_scale_kmajor = gpu.alloc(sizes.fp8_act_scale_kmajor)?;
        // Q2_0 prefill dequant scratch. 0 → NULL unless ATLAS_GGUF_NATIVE_Q2.
        let q2_dequant_scratch = if sizes.q2_dequant_scratch > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.q2_dequant_scratch)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        // LoRA scratch: only allocate when an adapter is configured
        // (size 0 → NULL; cuMemAlloc rejects 0-byte allocations).
        let lora_xa = if sizes.lora_xa > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.lora_xa)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let lora_delta = if sizes.lora_delta > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.lora_delta)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let lora_hact = if sizes.lora_hact > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.lora_hact)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        let lora_seq_slot = if sizes.lora_seq_slot > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.lora_seq_slot)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        // Q2_0 MMQ prefill q8_1 activation scratch. 0 → NULL unless ATLAS_GGUF_NATIVE_Q2_MMQ.
        let q2_act_q8 = if sizes.q2_act_q8 > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.q2_act_q8)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };
        // Row-wise GDN prefill BF16 weights. 0 → NULL unless ATLAS_FP8_ROWWISE.
        let ssm_rowwise_w_bf16 = if sizes.ssm_rowwise_w_bf16 > 0 {
            gpu.alloc(sizes.ssm_rowwise_w_bf16)?
        } else {
            DevicePtr::NULL
        };

        tracing::info!(
            "Buffer arena: {} tokens × {:.1} MB total (attn_out={:.1}MB, ssm_deint={:.1}MB, kv_lora_rank={})",
            max_batch_tokens,
            sizes.total_bytes() as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0),
            sizes.attn_output as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0),
            sizes.ssm_deinterleaved as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0),
            config.kv_lora_rank,
        );

        Ok(Self {
            hidden_states,
            residual,
            norm_output,
            qkv_output,
            attn_output,
            gate_logits,
            gate_logits_f32,
            moe_router_in_f32,
            moe_output,
            logits,
            ssm_qkvz,
            ssm_ba,
            ssm_deinterleaved,
            ssm_gates,
            ssm_conv_out_f32,
            scratch,
            expert_gate_out,
            expert_up_out,
            expert_down_out,
            splitk_workspace,
            o_latent,
            norm_unit_w,
            hc_streams,
            hc_post,
            hc_comb,
            hc_lowrank_scratch,
            qsa_select_scratch,
            gdn_fla_scratch,
            ssd_scratch,
            token_ids,
            ffn_act_q8,
            ffn_act_a,
            ffn_act_scale,
            ffn_act_scale_kmajor,
            ffn_gate_up_fused,
            fp8_act,
            fp8_act_scale,
            fp8_act_scale_kmajor,
            q2_dequant_scratch,
            lora_xa,
            lora_delta,
            lora_hact,
            lora_seq_slot,
            q2_act_q8,
            ssm_rowwise_w_bf16,
            ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_used: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0),
            max_batch_tokens,
            decode_meta,
            sizes,
        })
    }
}

/// Release every buffer this arena owns.
///
/// The destructure below is **exhaustive on purpose — no `..`**. A buffer added
/// to `BufferArena` without a matching free is a leak that only shows up as the
/// next model failing to fit, so the compiler is made to refuse the addition
/// instead. If this line stops compiling, the fix is to free the new field, not
/// to add a wildcard.
impl atlas_core::scope::ModelResource<dyn GpuBackend> for BufferArena {
    fn label(&self) -> &'static str {
        "buffer arena"
    }

    fn release(&mut self, gpu: &dyn GpuBackend) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let Self {
            // Not allocations — named rather than wildcarded so the
            // exhaustiveness check above keeps its teeth.
            sizes: _,
            max_batch_tokens: _,
            // Layout, not an allocation — derived from `--max-batch-size`.
            decode_meta: _,
            hidden_states,
            residual,
            norm_output,
            qkv_output,
            attn_output,
            gate_logits,
            gate_logits_f32,
            moe_router_in_f32,
            moe_output,
            logits,
            ssm_qkvz,
            ssm_ba,
            ssm_deinterleaved,
            ssm_gates,
            ssm_conv_out_f32,
            scratch,
            expert_gate_out,
            expert_up_out,
            expert_down_out,
            splitk_workspace,
            o_latent,
            norm_unit_w,
            hc_streams,
            hc_post,
            hc_comb,
            hc_lowrank_scratch,
            qsa_select_scratch,
            gdn_fla_scratch,
            ssd_scratch,
            token_ids,
            ffn_act_q8,
            ffn_act_a,
            ffn_act_scale,
            ffn_act_scale_kmajor,
            ffn_gate_up_fused,
            fp8_act,
            fp8_act_scale,
            fp8_act_scale_kmajor,
            lora_xa,
            lora_delta,
            lora_hact,
            lora_seq_slot,
            q2_dequant_scratch,
            q2_act_q8,
            ssm_rowwise_w_bf16,
            // A cursor into the slab above, not an allocation.
            ssm_rowwise_w_bf16_used: _,
        } = self;
        // Every pointer, then NULL it: `release` must be idempotent because a
        // `Drop` backstop may call it again, and `free` already no-ops on NULL.
        let owned = [
            *hidden_states,
            *residual,
            *norm_output,
            *qkv_output,
            *attn_output,
            *gate_logits,
            *gate_logits_f32,
            *moe_router_in_f32,
            *moe_output,
            *logits,
            *ssm_qkvz,
            *ssm_ba,
            *ssm_deinterleaved,
            *ssm_gates,
            *ssm_conv_out_f32,
            *scratch,
            *expert_gate_out,
            *expert_up_out,
            *expert_down_out,
            *splitk_workspace,
            *o_latent,
            *norm_unit_w,
            *hc_streams,
            *hc_lowrank_scratch,
            *qsa_select_scratch,
            *hc_post,
            *hc_comb,
            *gdn_fla_scratch,
            *ssd_scratch,
            *token_ids,
            *ffn_act_q8,
            *ffn_act_a,
            *ffn_act_scale,
            *ffn_act_scale_kmajor,
            *ffn_gate_up_fused,
            *fp8_act,
            *fp8_act_scale,
            *fp8_act_scale_kmajor,
            *lora_xa,
            *lora_delta,
            *lora_hact,
            *lora_seq_slot,
            *q2_dequant_scratch,
            *q2_act_q8,
            *ssm_rowwise_w_bf16,
        ];
        let mut first_error = None;
        for ptr in owned {
            if let Err(e) = gpu.free(ptr)
                && first_error.is_none()
            {
                first_error = Some(e);
            }
        }
        *hidden_states = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *residual = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *norm_output = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *qkv_output = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *attn_output = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *gate_logits = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *gate_logits_f32 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *moe_router_in_f32 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *moe_output = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *logits = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_qkvz = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_ba = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_deinterleaved = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_gates = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_conv_out_f32 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *expert_gate_out = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *expert_up_out = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *expert_down_out = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *splitk_workspace = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *o_latent = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *norm_unit_w = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *hc_streams = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *hc_lowrank_scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *qsa_select_scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *hc_post = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *hc_comb = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *gdn_fla_scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssd_scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *token_ids = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ffn_act_q8 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ffn_act_a = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ffn_act_scale = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ffn_act_scale_kmajor = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ffn_gate_up_fused = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *fp8_act = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *fp8_act_scale = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *fp8_act_scale_kmajor = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *lora_xa = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *lora_delta = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *lora_hact = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *lora_seq_slot = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *q2_dequant_scratch = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *q2_act_q8 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        *ssm_rowwise_w_bf16 = DevicePtr::NULL;
        match first_error {
            Some(e) => Err(e),
            None => Ok(()),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;